What Were Maltese Dogs Originally Bred For? An In-Depth Look at the Ancient Breed‘s History and Purpose

If you‘re a proud Maltese owner or simply an admirer of these charming, petite pups, you may have wondered about the breed‘s origins and what they were originally bred for. With their long, silky white coats, expressive dark eyes, and compact size, Maltese dogs have been cherished companions for centuries—but how did they come to be? Let‘s take a deep dive into the Maltese‘s fascinating history.

Ancient Beginnings in the Mediterranean

The exact origins of the Maltese are a bit of a mystery, but most experts agree the breed developed in the central Mediterranean area over 2,800 years ago. Some say the earliest Maltese-type dogs came from the island of Malta, for which they are named. Others believe they originated in nearby areas like Italy or Greece, and were later brought to and popularized on Malta.

Wherever they first arose, small, long-haired white dogs very similar to today‘s Maltese were well-established by the 4th century BC. Archaeologists have discovered Ancient Greek vases from this era decorated with images of Maltese-like lapdogs. The dogs were mentioned by Greek and Roman philosophers and writers starting around 370 BC, including Aristotle, Pliny the Elder, Strabo, and the poet Martial.

It‘s clear that from the beginning, Maltese were bred to be the ultimate companion dogs, providing affection, comfort and amusement to their owners. Through selective breeding, they were downsized to a portable, pint-sized dog that could easily be carried and doted on. Their long, silky white coats not only looked beautiful, but also helped keep their owners‘ laps and hands warm.

Prized Pets of Royals and Nobles

In ancient Greek and Roman societies, ownership of Maltese dogs became a status symbol for wealthy, aristocratic women. The Roman poet Martial even wrote affectionately of his beloved Maltese, Issa, in the 1st century AD. According to legend, when Saint Paul was shipwrecked on Malta around 60 AD, he healed a Roman governor named Publius‘ ill father. Grateful Publius gifted Paul with a Maltese.

The Maltese spread across Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, becoming favored pets in royal courts and noble households. Numerous Renaissance portraits feature well-dressed ladies with their pampered Maltese companions. The dogs were known by names like the "Comforter" or "Spaniel Gentle" in England, "Bichon" in France, and "Shock Dog" in Germany.

Maltese even made their way to Asia, reaching the Philippines, China and Japan by the 1500s, likely through European trade routes. They contributed to the development of similar small Asian companion breeds like the Shih Tzu, Pekingese and Japanese Chin.

Perfecting the Breed Standard

When dog shows and breeding competitions became popular in Victorian England and America in the 1800s, Maltese were among the first breeds exhibited. A "Maltese Lion Dog" was shown at the first Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in New York in 1877. The breed was officially recognized by the American Kennel Club in 1888.

As purebred dogs gained traction, attention turned to standardizing and perfecting the Maltese‘s appearance and temperament. Breeders focused on refining the solid white coat color and silky texture. The breed standard called for a compact body under 7 pounds, with a cobby torso, level topline, and smooth, effortless gait.

The Maltese‘s rounded head with its black nose and big, dark, expressive eyes became a hallmark, perfectly suited for drawing in affection. Breeders aimed to preserve the Maltese‘s lively, gentle and trusting personality.

The Maltese Today: Continuing a Legacy of Companionship

The Maltese‘s journey from ancient Mediterranean lapdog to beloved modern companion is a testament to the powerful bond between this special breed and their adoring owners. Today, Maltese rank 37th out of 195 breeds in popularity according to the @American Kennel Club.

While they may no longer be an exclusive accessory of royalty, Maltese are treasured as devoted family pets worldwide. Many owners say their Maltese are in tune with their emotions and quick to offer comfort and affection. Their small size makes them adaptable to most living situations, from apartments to larger homes.

As a toy breed, Maltese are bred to be affectionate, gentle, and very attached to their owners. They crave being the center of attention and love nothing more than cuddling in your lap. Renowned for their sweet, friendly personalities, Maltese also have a playful side and can be quite lively.

However, Maltese do have specific needs potential owners should know. Their long, white coats require daily brushing and regular trimming. They are prone to dental problems, luxating patella, tracheal collapse, portosystemic liver shunt and other health issues that may require veterinary care (Putnam, 2021). Getting a Maltese from a responsible breeder who performs health testing on their dogs is crucial.

Maltese also need plenty of human companionship and affection to thrive. As a bright, sensitive breed, they can suffer from separation anxiety if left alone too long. Proper socialization from a young age is key to avoid shyness or nervous behavior. Positive reinforcement training works well with these eager-to-please dogs.

An Enduring Legacy of Love

The Maltese‘s history is a rich tapestry woven of royalty, nobility, art, poetry and most enduringly, devoted companionship. For centuries, these small, white, silky-coated charmers have lived up to their nickname "Comforter" by providing a soothing, affectionate presence to their lucky owners.

While a Maltese may no longer be a rare status symbol, their appeal has proven evergreen; as beloved lapdogs in the 21st century as they were in ancient Rome. As any Maltese lover will tell you, there‘s just something special about the love of a Maltese.

Upon first meeting a Maltese, you might be struck by their exceptionally sweet expression, with round dark eyes that sparkle with affection. You‘ll likely be showered with gentle licks and nuzzles. When a Maltese claims you as their person, you know you have a loyal, loving companion for life.

So whether your Maltese is descended from an ancient line of pampered Roman lapdogs or came from a modern rescue, know that you‘re participating in an age-old tradition; the precious bond between humans and our Maltese companions that has endured for millennia. Cherish your little white knight—they certainly cherish you.

References

American Kennel Club. (2021). Maltese. Retrieved May 14, 2023.

Butkus, K. (2023). Maltese through the ages. Retrieved May 14, 2023.

Haskett, C. (2021). History of the Maltese – AKC. Retrieved May 14, 2023.

Putnam, J. (2021, October 25). Maltese health issues – Conditions you should know about. Top Dog Tips. Retrieved May 14, 2023.